How to Get Ready to Achieve Your Goal in a Week – 7 step Formula

You may not have thought about it, but you can get ready to achieve your goal in a week. This period is enough to carry out your plan and start a better life.

Here is a plan for one week that will help you get inspiration.

1. Monday. Write down your goals. There are many benefits of writing down your goals. No matter how many goals you have, you need to prioritize them. Choose the most important one for you and get ready to achieve it soon. Check out the importance of writing down your goals here.

2. Tuesday. Visualize your goal. It is a good idea to create a corner with things that motivate you to achieve your goal. For example, if you want to travel to Paris, you need to find beautiful pictures of this city, souvenirs, other travelers’ stories, etc. You need to see what you are working hard for.

3. Wednesday. Find support. One of the most important things you should do is finding people who share your thoughts, ideas, and desires. It can be hard to achieve your goal, so you need to have a person to speak with. Think of people in your life who can support you. Discuss your progress, listen to their feedback, and get the motivation to move further.

4. Thursday. Get inspiration. Meet people who have succeeded in achieving the same or similar goals to what you’re working towards. As a general rule, it is enough to find two or three persons who motivate you. Learn from them, and model what works for them as best you can in your own life.

If you want to find inspiration, you should do the following:

– read successful stories;
– find proofs;
– subscribe to their social networks;
– follow their experience.

5. Friday. Buy a notebook. You can use your notebook to write down steps for achieving your goal as well as completed points. Be picky about this notebook, as it needs to motivate you. Write down your progress so you can see your results. Bend over backwards not to miss your small achievements, as you need to know them from A to Z. Being able to look back on your progress along your journey can be a great motivator.

6. Saturday. Relax. What is the best way for you to relax? Do what you like, and stop thinking about your goals. Make it natural, and don’t be too concentrated on what is still left to do. Spend Saturday relaxing.

Here are several ways to relax:

– read a book;
– meet friends;
– visit museums or cinemas;
– exercise;
– travel to another city.

7. Sunday. Start thinking positive. Let’s call a spade a spade: it is important to believe in yourself, try to change your expectations, actions, and reactions. From now on, you need to stay happy and positive, as you can’t give up. Never.

If you are serious about achieving your goals, try this plan for one week. It doesn’t guarantee you will accomplish things, but it can help you understand how to get ready to achieve your goal.

The forms of corruption in India

In Indian political and social system, corruption has the following forms:

(i) Misuse of Power:

Nearly all political leaders, caste leaders and bureaucrats misuse their power. They try to get all government contracts, petrol pumps, gas agencies for their family members or for those who pay them money.

(ii) Election Expenses:

Election in India is a costly process. Political parties and candidates spend big amount of money. They collect money from big industries and capitalists and distribute money, sewing machines, blankets, cycle, clothes and even wine etc. to bribe the voters. Thus, with this aim, they indulge in corrupt practices.

(iii) Misuse of Government Machinery and Mass Media by the Ruling Party:

Almost all the political parties misuse government resources and mass-media to glorify their leaders and propogates their policies and programmes. They even put under pressure on election officers.

(iv) Low Quality Materials:

When contracts for building, roads, bridges and flyovers are given after exchange of money, contractors use low grade material in their work. Bureaucrats also indulge incorruption to raise and maintain high standard of their living.

In this way, corruption is doing great harm our system.

Corruption in India

1. Introduction

In its most general sense, corruption means the per­version or abandonment of a standard. Hence it is common to speak of language or of moral corruption. More narrowly corruption refers to the abandonment of expected standards of behaviour by those in authority for the sake of unsanctioned personal advantage.

In the business sphere, a company director is deemed to be corrupt if he sells his private property to the company at an inflated price, at the expense of the shareholders whose interest he is supposed to safeguard. Lawyers, architects and other pro­fessionals are similarly guilty of corruption if they take advantage of their clients to make undue personal gains.

2. Lok Pal Bill

In June 1969 a UN seminar held in Stockholm on "Ways of Safeguarding the Rights of Individuals against the Abuse of Administrative Power" discussed five principal means of ensuring such protection:

I. Parliamentary Commissions of Inquiry.

II. Procuracy of the Soviet Type.

II. Judicial Remedies of the English Legal system.

III. The French Counsel d'Etat.

IV. The Ombudsman of Scandanavia.

V. The following would be the main features of the institution of Lok Pal and Lok Ayukt:

VI. They should be demonstrably independent and impartial.

VII. Their investigations and proceedings should be conducted in private and be informed in character.

VIII. Their appointment should, as far as possible, be non-political.

IX. Their status should compare with the highest judicial functionaries in the country.

X. They should deal with matters in the discretionary field involving acts of injustice, corruption or favouritism.

XI. Their proceeding should not be subject to judicial interference and they should have the maximum latitude and power in obtaining information rel­evant to their duties.

XII. They should not look forward to any benefit or pecuniary advantage from the executive Govern­ment.

The Lok Pal would have the same status as the Chief Justice of India and be appointed by the President on the Prime Minister's advice after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Leader of the Opposition.

The entire edifice of the Lok Pal can be brought down by a mere ordinance, as the Press Council was in 1975 during the Emergency.

The National Front Government introduced the Lok Pal Bill, 1989 in the Lok Sabha on December 29, 1989 within days of assuming office. It lapsed with the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in 1991. The four Bills of 1971, 1977, 1985 and 1989 varied greatly in their ambit and scope.

(The 1971 Bill was similar to the one of 1968). To give an overview at the onset, the 1971 and 1985 Bills excluded the Prime Minister from their purview while the 1977 and 1989 Bills did not.

While the 1989 Bill contain improvements on earlier Bills, its jurisdiction Clause was the narrowest.

On August 3, 1995, the former Minister of State for Personnel Affairs, Mrs. Margaret Alva, informed the Rajya Sabha that the Government had already circulated the two Draft Bills on Lok Pal of 1985 and 1989 to all political parties seeking their views.

3. Central Vigilance Commission

On the Santhanam Committee's recommendation a Central Vigilance Commissioner was set up by the govern­ment by an executive decision embodied in a resolution in the Ministry of Home Affairs dated 11 February 1964. The process and functions of the CVC, as detailed in the resolution include the following:

(i) To undertake an inquiry into any transaction in which a public servant is alleged to have acted for an improper purpose, or

(ii) To cause an inquiry to be made into

(a) Any complaint that a public servant had ex­ercised his powers for improper or corrupt purposes.

(b) Any complaint of corruption, misconduct, lack of integrity or malpractices on the part of a public servant including members of the All India Services even if such members are for the time being serving in connection with the affairs of a State government.

(iii) To call for reports, returns and Statements from all ministries, departments, or corporate Central undertakings so as to enable it to exercise general checks and supervision over the vigilance and anti- corruption work in the ministries, departments, undertakings.

(iv) To take over under its direct control, such com­plaints, information or cases as it may consider necessary for further action which may be either:

(a) To ask the CBI to register case and investigate it, or

(b) To entrust the complaint, information or case for inquiry—

(1) To the CBI, or

(2) To the ministry, department, or undertak­ing concerned.

The resolution further provides that:

‘’1. The CVC—

(a) will be appointed by the President by under his hand and seal;

(b) will not be removed or suspended from office except in the manner provided for the removal or suspen­sion of the Chairman or a member of the UPSC;

(c) will hold office for a term of 6 years or till he attains the age of 65, whichever is earlier and

(d) on ceasing to hold the office of the CVC, shall not accept any further employment under the Union or State government or accept any political public office.

2. The CVC will be attached to the Ministry of Home Affairs, but in the exercise of its power and function, it will not be subordinate to any ministry or department and will have the same measure of independence and autonomy as the UPSC.

3. The CVO in ministries and departments will be appointed in consultation with the CVC, and no person whose appointment as CVO is objected to by the CVC will be so appointed.

4. The CVC will have the power to assess the work of the CVOs and VOs and the assessment will be recorded in the character rolls of the officer."

Central Vigilance Commissioner Displays list of Cor­rupt Officers on Website

The Central Vigilance Commissioner Nagrajan Vittal has created a sensation by listing the names of 88 corrupt IAS officers and 21 corrupt IPS officers. Vittal locates five key players in the Indian corruption scene: the corrupt politician (neta), the corrupt bureaucrat (babu), the corrupt businessman (lala), the corrupt NGO (Jhola) and criminal (dada).

He has conceived a 13 point action plan which he feels would block corruption. Among the 13 point action plan include mobilization of youth to fight corruption, making of CVC Bill into a Law, equal treatment of demand and supply sides of corruption, using e-governance and IT to check corruption, removal of absolute Laws through Sunset principles, removal of Laws that promote corruption, inac­tion of corrupt public servants Act, implementation of the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1998 etc.

Sanction for prosecution/departmental action against officers found guilty of corruption still subsists under Section 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) and Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Act (Cr PC) although the "single directive" that required investigative agencies to obtain departmental sanction even to begin investigation against corrupt officials has been done away within the new CVC Act.

4. Legislation against Corruption

The Prevention of Corruption Act came into force in September 1988. It consolidated the Provision of Corruption Act, 1947, some sections of the Indian Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Criminal Law Act, 1952. The sole idea was to bring all relevant provisions in single Act.

The 1988 Act enlarged the scope? Of 'public servant' and included a large member of employees within its ambit.

5. Various Commissions on Corruption of Politicians and Public Companies

In the last forty years (i.e. between 1955 and 1997) more than two dozen the Government of India to inquire into the. charges of corruption against politicians and public companies.

Some of them were:

(i) Das Commission against Sardar Pratap Singh Kairon, Chief Minister of Punjab (1963)

(ii) Ayangar Commission against Bakshi Gulam Mohammad, Chief Minister of Jammu and Kash­mir (1965).

(iii) Khanna Commission against Biju Patnaik, Chief Minister of Orissa (1967).

(iv) Kapur Commission against Dayanand Bandodkar, Chief Minister of Goa (1968).

(v) Mudhokar Commission against V.K. Mahtab, Chief Minister of Assam. (1968).

(vi) Sarkaria Commission against M. Karunanidhi, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1976).

(vii) Grover Commission against Dev Raj Urs. Chief Minister of Karnataka (1977).

(viii) Vimada Lai Commission against Vengala Rao, Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1977).

(ix) Gurdev Singh Commission against Zail Singh, Chief Minister of Punjab (1979).

(x) Chagla Commission (1956) against Union Finance Minister T.T. Krishnamachari.

(xi) Aivar Commission (1967) against five ministers of Bihar.

(xii) Madholkar Commission (1968) against 13 minis­ters of Bihar.

(xiii) Reddy Commission (1977) against contracts en­tered by former Union Defence Minister Bansilal.

(xiv) Vaidyalingan Commission (19791 on charges of corruption and wielding extra-Constitutional au­thority to interfere in government affairs against Kanti Desai, son of Morarii Desai and Gayatri .

(xv) Kailasam Sadasivan and Ray Commissions (1981) against spirit scandals of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

(xvi) Shankranand Committee (1990) on corruption charges in Bofors deal.

(xvii) Jankiraman Committee (1992) on Security Scam.

Vohra 'Committee was set in July 1993 to study corruption in India by taking stock of the links between Government functionaries and political personalities and crime syndicates and mafia organisations. The Committee submitted its report in October, 1993, where it stated that "network of the mafia is virtually running a parallel government pushing the State apparatus into irrelevance".

Corruption, Politics and Democracy

For centuries saints and sages have urged the people to eliminate graft and corruption from private as well as public life; there have been countless sermons against this deep-rooted menace that has eaten into the vitals of society, distorted all values and made mincemeat of morality, truth and virtue.

But the evil has grown to gigantic proportions and there is hardly any sphere of social, economic, political and even religious activity that is free from graft, deception and corruption of some kind. Like the air we breathe, it has become all-pervasive and entered every aspect of life to such an extent that it is now regarded as a fact of life and an evil we have to live with.

In fact, a time has come when very few eyebrows are raised when we are informed of a case of blatant bribery; it is so common, so usual and all too familiar. We give and take bribes in the sphere of education, government and private service, all branches of administration, trade and commerce, industrial activity; scrupulous honesty is rare; even temples and other places of worship are not free of it. Most of our politicians and legislators indulge in it without any qualms of conscience.

The great philosopher and reformer Edmund Burke warned the world in the 18th century that corrupt influence, which is itself the perennial spring of all prodigality and of all disorder; which loads us, more than millions of debt; which takes away vigor from our arms, wisdom from our councils and every shadow of authority and credit from the most vulnerable parts of our Constitution is a fast growing evil.

The conclusion has, in fact, been drawn that there was never anything devised by the wit of man which, in course of time, has not been corrupted. At one time, it was said that a society in which there is corruption cannot survive long, but this has proved to be a myth.

Corruption has continued, and even increased beyond measure, even as democracy has spread and civilisation has advanced; so it can no longer be asserted that democracy and corruption are incompatible; both are de­veloping fast, and simultaneously, and as far as human vision can go this duality will continue.

Hasn't the time come to accept this menace as inevitable, incurable, almost as the price of socialism, progress and civilisation?

It is all right to preach honesty and purity in life, but the preachers either live in a world far removed from reality, or are themselves hypocrites, talking of one thing but doing another, as if their left hand does not know what their right hand does—a veritable case of Jekyll and Hyde.

It is also wholly incorrect to say that our ancestors were fully honest people and that we should, therefore, follow their example. A close study of history shows that deception; dishonesty, conspiracy and corruption in vari­ous spheres of life have existed all through the ages.

Chanakya, the Machiavelli of India and the celebrated author of Arthashastra (which has been described as the manual of government in the times of the Maury as), specifically mentions 40 types of ways of embezzling government property.

Obviously, if corruption and embezzlement had not existed in those good old days, Chanakya would not have discussed this question in such detail. Graft and corruption have also been common during Mughal rule, during the regime of the East India Company, and during British rule also, though the opportunities for offering open bribes were fewer.

During the rule of the white "sahibs", the favours were secured through other ways—"dalis" for the "memsahib", receptions to officers on one pretext or the other and ever so many subtle ways to please the super bosses and bring them round step by step.

It is true, however, that the opportunities for bribery and palm-greas­ing have increased greatly with the dawn of Independence, and the growth of democracy and industry, the system of licenses and permits for setting up enterprises, securing quotas of raw materials, imports and exports and expan­sion of trade and commerce.

Consequently, the types of corruption have in­creased a thousand fold; the panorama is vast and baffling and beyond control however loud the talk of anti-corruption measures, stringent laws and of de­terrent sentences. Every few years there is much discussion of this problem which is described as the foremost issue in the country; corruption is condemned as a cancer in society, but then there is silence; the flush of enthusiasm fades away and life goes on in the same way.

The focus of atten­tion shifts to other more pressing problems of bread and butter and of politico survival; of new ministers and new parties and politicians, of enquiries and commissions and political witch-hunting, of majorities and minorities in Parliament and State legislatures.

Perhaps, the most ironic comment on the modern channels and type of corruption was by Mr K. Santhanam, Chairman of the Committee for Prevention of Corruption, appointed by the government of India some years ago. The ultimate sources of corruption, according to him, are (a)Ministers, (b) legislators, (c) political parties and (d) industrialists and merchants who seek favours from these three and are willing to pay for them. Item 6 of the terms of reference of the Committee was revealing by itself—"to suggest measures calculated to produce a social climate, both among public servants and in the general public, in which bribery and corruption may not flourish". This was an indirect admission that bribery and corruption were indeed flourishing among public servants and also the general public.

The observations made by the Committee in this connection are significant, because they stress one of the main sources of graft in the country, and also the fact that this source has not been tackled by the government. There is a large consensus of opinion, said the Committee, that a new tradi­tion of integrity can be established only if the example is set by those who have the ultimate responsibility for the governance of India, namely the ministers of the Central and State governments.

The problem is indeed dif­ficult and delicate. Ministers are the leaders of the political party which, by virtue of being in a majority or a partner in a coalition set-up, constitute the government. The Committee said that there was a widespread impression that failure of integrity is not uncommon among ministers and that some ministers who have held office for 10 to 15 years or so "have enriched themselves illegitimately, obtained good jobs for their sons and relations through nepotism, and have reaped other advantages inconsistent with any notion of purity in public life". The Committee felt that the general belief about the lack of integrity among ministers is as damaging as actual failure.

It was for this reason that the Administrative Reforms Commission expressed preference for a permanent authority to keep a continuous watch over ministers and suggested the setting up of a Lokpal, who would have the authority to enquire into allegations against a Central minister or his secretary and others.

The fact that ministers sometimes accept gifts in cash or kind is undeniable; several instances are known of ministerial corruption, but there has hardly been a case of a minister getting convicted or even publicly censured for dishonest practices. This also applies to politicians and legislators.

There have been many cases of such people accepting bribes. No wonder, there is a general belief that politics and democracy bring corruption in their wake; since politics and democracy are indispensable, corruption cannot be avoided; hence it must be tolerated as a necessary evil.

The standard or size of the bribe naturally differs from man to man, depending upon his status, his moral character, his inclinations and often the instigation and compulsions of his wife.

Every man, it is said, has his price, and by and large this has proved true. When the entire social and economic set-up breathes of what is called "speed money" to push things through, it is almost impossible to resist temptation—human beings are, after all, human beings. But the stink lies not only in the prevalence of the lure of gold, but in the hypocrisy that accompanies it.

Even after having accepted bribes the corrupt person talks the very next day of high moral standards and urges people from public platforms to follow Mahatma Gandhi's principles and be honest and pure and zealously, serve the nation.

Such hypocrisy compounds the offence, but our ministers, politicians and officials are getting thick-skinned; it is all a way of life, a routine, and hence may be described as unavoidable and a disease that is incurable. After all, when there is graft, deception and bribery, on a small or big scale at every step—in the administration, in the educational sphere, in legislatures and even, it is believed, in religious institutions—what is the relatively honest person to do but to fall in line?

Don't we also bribe the gods with gifts of all sorts, so-runs another argument. Promises and oaths of honesty are soon forgotten, and the norms return again. These norms are palm-greasing, extortions by politicians from industrialists, by inspectors from shopkeepers, by officials and clerks from the public and by everybody from everybody else, even for small favours. The vicious circle remains.

Corruption in Public Dealings in India

Public dealing counters in all government offices are the Places where corruption is most evident. Virtually, the dealings are carried on in such on organised way that nothing transacts without graft and its rates are fixed.

Not a scrap of paper would move without lubrication. If any body does not pay for the work and complains to the in charge of the concerned a it is sure he won't be able to get his work done at all. Even the deputed to look into the matters of corruption turn out to be corrupt.

Anticorruption raids etc., by the concerned departments to apprehend the corrupt officers prove ineffective due to procedural. The officers once caught red handed in cases of illegal gratification are booked for prosecution and suffer a lot.

Still, the moral of the corrupt officer is not affected. The network of the corruption goes on as usual and remains undeterred. The rampant corruption has not even spared foreign and multinational concerns in extracting money comply with the procedural formalities. Consequently the country been enlisted among the world's toppers in corruption.

The main feature of this perpetuated corruption in public dealing counters in government offices is that all the concerned officers are solely united behind their motive and a sort of wholesale contract is smooth run by them. There are middlemen agencies between these counters the interested parties in the respective cases. They serve the process behalf of their parties, make payments and get the job done.

The system is in vogue in all-most all the public dealing count whether it is tenders for supply, or disposal of goods, or grant of quotas licenses etc. etc. The same system is at work for recruitment in differ services where appointments are ensured through reliable middle agencies. Nexus between politicians and bureaucrats works in a very sophisticated manner. Nexus does also exist between criminals and police, politicians and bureaucrats.

In the National Capital Region, there is a very strong nexus among land mafia, police and bureaucrats. It is so strong that action against the mafia is a practical proposition even at the instance the top brasses, and the complaints against the officials involved with mafia directed to the vigilance and special task force are not comp' with.

This is rather very strange that the estate authority is be undermined by the law enforcing agency itself and tolerated by the high ups in the seats of administration. The corrupt and anti-people character of police, is however, more evident compared to their performance the discipline. This is more so because police enjoy unlimited power there is no action against them even on complaints and sufficient pr abuse of office atrocities and high handedness.

The action against however is taken by the courts alone in course of protracted trial of police officers on specific findings against them either by the co themselves or through some investigating agency.

In this connection it is common sense that the corruption in country, like any country of the world, has not become so rampant perpetuated overnight, but in course of time.

Usually, the corruption is perpetuated only when it goes unchecked According to some sociologists, the countries where governments weaker and isolated from masses, corruption perpetuate. If we I for the causes of the corruption in this country, we may note certain very important factors. For instance, due to unemployment government servants enjoy the status of privileged citizens.

None is responsible any so far as disposal of work is concerned. Colleagues favour the colleagues; officers shield their subordinates; complaints are not heeded to, actions are not taken at the department level. Red tapism is at its height.

This is not the fact that no attempt has ever been made to check corruption in India. But unfortunately these attempts have been half hearted. It includes action through departmental set-ups of vigilance and corruption branches.

In states, the district magistrates/collectors make - it cements on specific complaints for raids and arrest the government officer red-handed. But all this has failed to alter the situation.

Now there is a need to make fresh attempts to deal with the situation effectively. Involvement of social workers in this drive is, however, all more necessary, the steps should be taken to correct the situation overall. For instance the disposal of work, including applications and complaints etc. is taken within a specified time limit.

The section officers be made - ally responsible to look into the disposal of work, get the record prepared by their subordinates, and themselves prepare a resume accordingly. It will require needful amendment in the service manual rules and regulations.

Strict laws should be made to deal with the corrupt practices providing for the termination of service, suspension and stringent penalty for dereliction of duty. Declarations of property and assets of the government employees be made compulsory and routine and surprise inspections/raids be conducted by special sleuths of enforcements to check and report.

But this could be done only when there is a strong and resolute will on part of the government to do so.

Social contract theory of the origin of society

The social contract theory throws light on the origin of the society. According to this theory all men are born free and equal. Individual the classical representatives of this school of thought are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and J.J. Rousseau.

The three of them thought in various ways that before the existence of civil society men lived in a sort of pre-social state, called the state of nature and in virtue of a contract among themselves, society came into existence. The essence of their argument is as follows.

Thomas Hobbes an English thinker was of the opinion that society came into being as a weapon for the protection against the consequences of their own nature. Man in the state of nature was in perpetual conflict with his neighbours on account of his essentially selfish nature.

To quote Hobbes the life of man was “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”. Every man was an enemy to every other man. Hobbes in his book “Leviathan” has made it clear that man is in the state of nature was not at all social.

According to him man found “nothing but grief in the company of his fellows” –at all being almost equally selfish, self-seeking carrying egoistic brutal and aggressive. Thus men in the state of nature were like hungry wolves each ready to pounce of on the other with all its ferocity.

Since the conditions in the state of nature were intolerable and men longed for peace the people entered into a kind of contract to ensure for themselves security and certainty of life and property.

By mutual agreement they decided to surrender their natural rights hi to the hands of a few or one with authority to command the convenient or agreement was of each with all and all with each. The covenant was, of course, a social contract and a governmental.

The contract binding on the whole community as perpetual social bond. Thus in order to protect himself against the evil consequence of his own nature man organized himself in society in order to live in peace with all.

John Locke, the British writer who supported the cause of limited monarchy in England, maintained in his “On Civil Government” that the “ill condition” in which men were forced to live was “full of fears-and continual dangers”.

In order to escape from this and to gain certainty and security men made a contract to enter into civil society or the state. This contract Locke called social contract. The contract put an end to the state of nature and substituted it by civil society.

The social contract was no more than a surrender of certain rights and powers so that man’s remaining rights would be protected and preserved.

The contract was for limited and specific purposes, and what was given up or surrendered to the whole community and not to a man or to an assembly of man (as Hobbes said) Locke made it clear that the social contract latter on contributed to the government control.

The governmental contract was made by the society when it established a government and was made by the society when it established a ruler to remove the inconveniences of “ill-condition”.

J.J. Rousseau, the French sociologist of the 18th century, in his famous book “The Social Contract” (1762) wrote that man in the state of nature was ‘noble savage’ who led a life of ‘primitive, simplicity and idyllic happiness’.

He was independent, contented, self-sufficient, healthy, fearless and good. It was only primitive instinct and sympathy which united him with others.

He knew neither right nor wrong and free from all notions of virtue and vice. Man enjoyed a pure unsophisticated, innocent life of perfect freedom and equality in the state of nature. Rousseau argued men were free from the influence of civilization, and sought their own happiness uncontrolled by social laws and social institutions.

But these conditions did not last long. Population increased and reason was dawned. Simplicity and idyllic happiness disappeared, families were established, institution of property emerged and human equality was ended, man began to think in terms of “mine” and “thine”. Difference between stronger and weaker, rich and poor, arise.

When equality and happiness of the early state was lost, murder, conflicts, wretchedness etc. became the order of the day. The escape from this was found in the formation of civil society.

Natural freedom gave place to civil freedom by a social contract. As a result of this contract a multitude of individuals became a collective unity in a civil society. Rousseaue said that by virtue of this contract everyone while uniting himself to all, remains as free as before”.

On the basis of above analysis it is clear that society.originates as a result of social contract among the people.

How to stop corruption in India ?

With materialistic values at the topmost priority, moral and ethical values at lowest span of ladder, every fibre of society indulged in self-aggrandizement, wherein not only the credibility of politicians and bureaucrats but also of the judiciary is at stake, it is very difficult and ridiculous to dream of a corruption free society".

In present spectrum an honest man is like a drop in the ocean which loses its identity as soon as mingles virtually in the salt water of ocean, corruption is a common practice, a way of life.

It is a matter of shame, that even after 57 years of independence, India figures among the first thirty most corrupt countries. The Virus of corruption has crept into all walks of life and it can endanger the body politic of our nation.

Corruption always existed in human society in one or the other form. In primitive period, the scope of public administration was minimum, as a result the scope of corruption was also limited. After independence, with the concept of welfare state coming into existence, the scope of being corrupt widened. At the juncture of Independence a statesman like C. Rajagopalachari called the PWD (Public Works Department) as the first enemy of the country in terms of the corruption prevailed in that department. Now-a-days, every department has become a Public Works Department. The corruption has crept into every fabric of society in such a way that it was the theme of speeches made by the President, the Prime Minister, the Speaker of Lok Sabha, during the Golden Jubilee celebrations of our independence. Every Chief Election Commissioner since Mr. Sheshan hold the office, has advocated the dire necessity of electoral reforms to strike the corruption at grass root level. When the highest placed leaders and bureaucrats join the bandwagon of corruption who is required to watch the interests of the common people.

Corruption is regarded as a low risk and highly profitable way of earning quick money and whoever is caught, knows how to go scot free. In this country which is known for moral and ethical values, where spirit of truism is adored, fair means were advocated to attain anything, has now counted among the top thirty most corrupted nations of the world. From peon to Prime Minister, from clerk to the Chief secretary all have been found involved and charged for many acts of commissions and ions. How can we imagine to eradicate the corruption in toto?

Causes of Corruption

A peculiar face of corruption in our Country is that it goes upstream not down stream and so most of the fundamental policies and decisions about big purchases, contracts, projects etc, are distorted at the top level.

The delay in disposing of the cases of corruption, is one of the important causes of flourishing of corruption. Corrupt officials even if caught can manage to go scot free in due course of time by manipulations or otherwise.

Possessing of vast discretionary powers by the political 1eaders, bureaucrats is also one of the important reasons of being corrupt. Discretionary powers in appointments, nominations to various bodies, allotment of Petrol Pumps and other agencies resulted into favoring the kith or kin and because of their vested interest.

Huge election expenses necessarily incurred by the vested interests, whether by the private companies or by the people to be later on gains with the aid and assistance of such political leaders, who now enjoy the chair because of their investing the money is a fundamental reason of politicians being corrupt. Politics has become such a lucrative business that once you occupy the chair by hook or by crook you become rich for ever with many perks and facilities throughout the life.

One more reason can be advanced to the existence of corruption is the present inflationary trend which make an employee difficult to maintain his family. He finds corruption an attractive preposition.

The taxation system takes away the thirty percent of income of an individual which renders the person in such hapless state that he can't live happily, if does not fulfill his needs by other means.

The foremost reason of flourishing of corruption is the virtual change in that thinking of the people a total disregard to the moral and ethical values making the self aggrandizement the sole reason of all activities. Attaining the things by any means whether wrong or right has encouraged most of the generation to adopt preposition of corruption.

Preposition of Corruption:

The basic question is-can the corruption be eradicated? "Nothing is impossible” can be said by an enthusiastic social leader but eradication of corruption is next to impossible thing in the present spectrum of affairs. When whole of the body politic is effected by the virus of corruption then to eradicate it in toto is a Herculean task. Corruption is a multifaceted, hydra headed colossus problem required to be dealt with several measures simultaneously.

(1) Full transparency in official dealings be adopted.

(2) Discretion be minimized at the barest possible level. Whenever discretion is used, should be based on reasoning and reasons must be on record. Unreasonable use of discretion could be reversed back and such provisions should be included in the system.

(3) Judiciary system to try the cases of corruption must be accelerated and it should be time bound. Whatever expenses needed to establish separate courts for the trial of the cases of corruption, must be incurred and given top most priority in future planning. The loss incurred by the nation due to corruption is much more than the expenses required in establishing such courts. Appeal in such cases should be discouraged if allowed in some cases then the appeal must also be given utmost top priority for disposal. The penalty imposed under IPC must be suitably enhanced, in order to check the corruption in social life.

The bodies like CVC, CEl, Lok Ayukta, etc. must be headed by the persons of high integrity and must be made autonomous truly with execution powers. The budgetary allocation to these bodies should be liberal and no hindrance of any kind be allowed in their functioning.

Elections Expenses must not be allowed to cross the limits. The loopholes like making expenses by other persons that are not included in party expenses must be plugged. The political parties have to be sincere and honest to fight the cancer of corruption. The chief hurdle is the unwillingness and lack of determination and will of politicians to eradicate the corruption. All the policies, rules and regulations are framed by the leaders, they do not wish to chain themselves by making laws so inert and fool proof so that they themselves are entangled. So the eradication of corruption does not seem to be possible.

The people and the society can play very important role in fighting the gigantic wild animal of corruption. The general awakening can make the politicians and bureaucrats to use their discretion fairly. The common men must cast their votes not on the basis of caste or creed or party, but on the basis of values and character of the candidates. In a democracy the actual power lies with the voters but once a leader is elected by them, the people are made a puppet to play by their. There is.a need to make a law to call back the corrupt leader if decided by the voters even before 5 years' term. The politicians use their caste affiliations and religion, to woo the innocent voters in their favor. The common man must use the vote wisely in favor of the honest and educated candidate.To eradicate the corruption from the society all have to fight it, lt is the most powerful and the most dangerous monstrous evil which rises to manifold itself with the passage of time.

Corruption in India

To day at least for India corruption is the password, an oft-heard subject of discussions and conversations on all kinds of forums and platforms. The simple layman's definition of corruption is to get a job done in a wrong and unethical way.

The first thing that we should analyze is that why do we do any work in a wrong way? The answer to this is quite simple and obvious. We do a job in a wrong way because firstly the right way to do it is very cumbersome, elaborate and time consuming, and even then, the chance is that the job may still not be done.

Besides getting it done in the right way is not possible as, people are so used to wrong doing that, the person trying out the way to do it correctly will appear foolish. Moreover, doing a task in the right way has no advantages attached to it.

For these simple reasons, the right and honest method of doing work is long forgotten and corrupt practices have become the way of life.

When this is the simple reason for us to do wrong, why should anyone even try to do anything in the right way? When we work honestly, the result is that, either the work is not done or it gets delayed.

Besides there is no bonus or incentive for the honest. This, is why, when we study right versus wrong the latter always prevails, then why not all do the wrong and reap a harvest? This is exactly what has happened in India.

It is not that, there is no corruption elsewhere in the world, this is a worldwide phenomenon and even to some extent human, but, in India it flourishes more than anywhere else.

This is because since the wrong doers and corrupt people are never punished, they never seen to suffer, they are encouraged all the more to be more and more corrupt seeing them enjoying the fruits of corrupt practices, the others honest or not so corrupt are also encouraged to take the path of success - corruption.

In this way even the one time honest people join the bandwagon of the corrupt because they find greener pastures on the corrupt side of the fence. In this way the process of corruption continues to flourish and increase, with more and more people joining the joy ride.

With this process continuing for decades, to day, the ratio between the corrupt and honest keeps varying in large proportions the sight of honest being minimal and the graph of the corrupt continuously on the rise.

The result of this simple process working through the last few decades, the result is what we see to-day, that, it is almost impossible to find or locate an honest man, an honest organisation as; we are all involved in different proportions, contributing to the trend.

A simple solution to this magnum problem as I see it is, giving stringent punishment to the wrong doers and equally important is to reward lavishly the good and the honest - if of course any such individual is found.

If the honest are rewarded, I am sure that more people would like to remain honest, and if the corrupt are punished severely it is certain the number of corrupt would be on the wane.

This simple solution I suggest because even to-day, when we stand on the thresh-old of seemingly total corruption, I feel that human beings are still basically good, and no one would like to be bad or corrupt. We are, most of us tend to do the wrong because either it pays dividends or, because we just can't help it.

If work and working system becomes more efficient why will anyone like to pay even a paisa to get work done? It is when work just cannot be done in the correct procedure that most people tend to become corrupt just to get their work done- go together with the reward and punishment system the working system should be made more efficient then, I presume there will be less and even negligible corruption.

Thus, as we all know corruption is rampant everywhere, and, unless we deal with it with an iron hand there can be very little or no headway in improving the crumbling situation.

How to stop corruption in India ?

Way back in 200 B.C., Kautilya meticulously described 40 different kinds of corruption in his Arthashastra. He has aptly commented: "Just as it is impossible not to taste honey or poison when it is at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government servant not to eat up a bit of revenue.

And just as it cannot be found out whether a fish swimming through water drinks or not so also government servants cannot be found out while taking money for themselves."

What exactly is corruption? Corruption is defined as moral depravity and influencing through bribery. Essentially, corruption is the abuse of trust in the interest of private gain.

And it can be divided into five broad types: transactive, extortive, defensive, investive and nepotistic. The transactive type refers to the mutual agreement between donor and recipient to the advantage of, and actively pursued by, both parties.

This normally involves business man and government. The extortive type is the kind where the donor is compelled to bribe in order to avoid harm being inflicted upon his person or his interest.

Defensive corruption is the behaviour of the victim of extortive corruption. His corruption is in self-defense. Investive corruption involves the offer of goods or services without any direct link to a particular favour but in anticipation of future occasions when the favour will be required. And nepotistic corruption, or nepotism, is the unjustified appointment of relatives or friends to public office, or according them favoured treatment, in pecuniary or other forms, violating the norms and the rules of the organisation.

The constituent elements of corruption are cheating and stealing. Where corruption takes the extortive form, it is stealing by force through compulsion of the victim. Where it concerns bribing a functionary, the latter is involved in theft. No society or culture condones stealing and cheating, actually all cultures condemn these activities.

Take India. As early as 1000 BC, the laws of Manu laid down those corrupt officials who accept bribes from the villagers are to be banished and have their property seized. Condemnation of bribery, of greed, of misappropriation of property has accompanied Hindu thought throughout the ages and yet corruption is deep-rooted in India today.

It is not difficult to locate the causes of corruption. Corruption breeds at the top and then gradually filters down to the lower levels. Gone are the days when people who joined politics were imbued with the spirit of serving the nation. Those who plunged themselves into the fight for freedom knew that there were only sacrifices to be made, no return was expected.

So only the selfless people came forward. But the modern politicians are of entirely different mould. They are not motivated by any lofty ideals. They win elections at a huge personal cost and then try to make the best of the opportunity they get. Powerful business magnates who are forced to give huge donations to political parties indulge in corrupt practices not only to make up their losses but also to consolidate their gains.

When people in power indulge in corruption so unabashedly, the common man gets a kind of sanction. Ironically, instead of fighting against the menace of corruption, our political leaders declare it a worldwide phenomenon and accept it as something inevitable.

India enjoys a none-too-credible position in the league of corrupt rations. We are in an age where corruption has become a national menace. Transparency international, in its report for 1999, ranks India at 73 out of -9 countries in its Corruption Perception Index. Last year's Human Development Report published by the Mahbub ul Haque Centre in Islamabad says that if the level of corruption in India can be brought down to that of the Scandinavian countries, foreign direct investment will go up by 1.5% of GDP.

The main point made by the Human Development Report is about: his special nature of corruption in India. Corruption in our country has: our key characteristics that make it far more damaging than corruption m other parts of the world.

First, corruption in India occurs upstream, not downstream. Corruption at the top distorts fundamental decisions about development priorities, policies and projects. In industrial countries, these core decisions are taken through transparent competition and on merit, even though petty corruption may occur downstream.

Second, corruption money in India has wings, not wheels. Most of the corrupt gains made in the region are immediately smuggled out to safe made in the region are immediately smuggled out to safe havens abroad. While there is some capital flight in other countries as well, a greater proportion of corruption money is actually ploughed back into domestic production and investment. In other words, it is more likely that corruption money is used to finance business than to fill foreign accounts.

Third, corruption in India occurs with 345 million people in poverty. While corruption in rich, rapidly growing countries may be tolerable though reprehensible, in poverty stricken South Asia, it is appalling that the majority of the population cannot meet their basic needs while a few make fortunes through corruption.

This corruption in South Asia does not lead simply to cabinet portfolio shifts or newspaper headlines, but to massive human deprivation and even more extreme income inequalities. Combating corruption in the region is not just about punishing corrupt politicians and bureaucrats but also saving human lives.

Info tech can be a prime weapon against corruption. Information technology is making its presence felt in India. Therefore, India is not only a corrupt country; it is also a country which is hoping to emerge as an Info tech superpower or a software superpower. The interesting point for consideration therefore is that can Info tech be used to help India become economic superpowers by checking corruption?

To understand this, we must first understand the dynamics of corruption and the dynamics of Info tech. So far as the dynamics of corruption are concerned, it is obvious that corruption flourishes in our country because of the following five reasons:

(i) Scarcity of goods and services

(ii) Lack of transparency

(iii) Complicated rules and red tape, which encourage corruption although 'speed' money.

(iv) Legal cushions safety created for the corrupt under the healthy assumption that everybody is innocent till proved guilty.

(v)Tribalism or biradari between the corrupt.

It is therefore logical that if we can tackle each of the five cause of corruption, we should be able to check the malaise to that extent. Information technology can help us to tackle these causes of corruption.

Let us look at the features of information technology. The first of these is its capacity for processing information very fast to borrow Bill Gates's expression, business at the speed of though! In fact, we know that delay in decision-making is the breeding ground for corruption. Information technology can help speed up the processes to assist in decision-making.

Computerisation can check bank fraud too. If specimen signatures are fed in the computer, it will facilitate easy verification and provide security against forgery. Stop payment instructions received by bankers can alert the teller whenever a lost cheque is presented.

The manipulation of books by unscrupulous staff can be prevented or detected because computerisation would enable tallying/balancing of books on a daily basis. The reconciliation of transactions relating a draft issued and paid through a computerised system would help the early detection of fraudulent payments.

Fraud relating to local clearing operation may be minimised through the prompt reconciliation of the number and amount of cheques through a computerised banking system.

Attempts by unscrupulous employees to perpetrate frauds by raising fake credits through inter-branch accounts may be thwarted through a computerised system for reconciliation of entries between originating branches and responding branches.

With the introduction of passbook writing machines, fraud relating to the misappropriation of cash receipts by cash department staff can be prevented or detected early.

According to credit bank's guidelines, electronic clearance systems have been introduced at the metros for corporate clients. But the lack of proper reconciliation on a daily basis has facilitated the perpetration of massive fraud. Again, software that enables daily reconciliation can be used to detect fraud early.

As regards advances in credit-related fraud, it would help if banks computerised the database of parties enjoying credit facilities from different banks to avoid double financing. A database on fraudsters and willful defaulters with photographs will help the banking system protect itself.

The Central Vigilance Commissioner, Mr. N. Vittal has noted that it is possible to go on cheating banks one after the other because they did not have a system of communicating information about willful defaulters among themselves. The CVC therefore directed in November 1999 that ill cases of willful default of Rs. 25 lakh and above be reported to the RBI and when they occur or are detected.

While there are client confidentiality restrictions under Article 14 of die Constitution, it would not be out of place to suggest that the public has a right to know the identity of the willful defaulters who are cheating nationalised banks. This will also bring in the necessary social shame and pressure on the unscrupulous, corrupt willful defaulters who are today responsible for the formidable non-performing assets to the tune of Rs. 45,000 crores in our banking system.

So speedy transactions can reduce the scope for corruption. The second cause of corruption is lack of transparency—a customer does not get to know what his rights are and how his case is being handled. It is a healthy sign that the Central government is thinking of coming up with a Freedom of Information Act. Various State governments are also talking about setting up information kiosks.

In Andhra Pradesh, Chief Minister, Mr. Chandrababu Naidu aims to allow citizens to conduct transactions with the government through computers. The whole State is being networked with Andhra Pradesh Wide Area Network so that payment of taxes and obtaining of certificates and even issue of ration cards become faster and free of corruption.

Of course, public servants will resist (as they did in Andhra Pradesh early last year) any attempt to curtail their power to make money. For example, computerisation of the Registration Department for property transfer has cut transaction time to less than an hour, which earlier used to take two weeks or more.

Info tech also ensures that the files are never lost, thus rendering the paper trial inerasable. This can be done by scanning and storing of confidential files. Of course, this will also means that cyber laws have to come into effect.

Database need to be computerised. The National Crime Records Bureau, for example has got data about corrupt elements and their modus operandi. By using computerised search options rather than shifting the database manually, the police can help to bring the corrupt to book more effectively and speedily.

These are some ideas about how information technology can help to fight corruption. What India needs is a greater display of imagination are locating the causes for corruption and seeing how, in each area, Info tech can help.